vps_setup/debian

Oracle VM VirtualBox 安装虚拟机 Debian 10 挖坑填坑笔记

VirtualBox 安装虚拟机 Debian 系统 省略

• 下载 mini.iso 网络安装，或者 debian-10.5.0-amd64-xfce-CD-1.iso 图形安装

• 注意: 选择中文语言，使用中国大陆镜像，推荐中科大软件源，如果选择默认的官方站速度会很慢；即使选对中科大镜像源在安装过程中 还是会从官方下载证书文件卡住，可以ctrl+alt+f4 切换到后台，ctrl+c停止从官方源下载资源包，不影响系统安装。安装软件选择SSH 方便远程登陆，不要选择xfce或者KDE图形桌面，安装完成后，按下面修改 软件源

• sources.list 修改 apt 中科大软件源 配置

  # vim /etc/apt/sources.list
  
  deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ buster main
  deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ buster main
  
  deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security buster/updates main
  deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security buster/updates main
  
  deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ buster-updates main
  deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ buster-updates main
  

dd 命令是备份Linux系统，或者是linux系统杀手

• 所以建立虚拟vmdk磁盘只分配了2G，方便DD，或者写U盘镜像

  #  dd指令 语法格式
  dd  [option] if=file：输入文件名，缺省为标准输入  of=file：输出文件名，缺省为标准输出
  
  测试纯写入性能
  dd if=/dev/zero of=test bs=8k count=10000 oflag=direct
  测试纯读取性能
  dd if=test of=/dev/null bs=8k count=10000 iflag=direct
  
  root@debian:~$ fdisk -l
  
  Disk /dev/sda: 2 GiB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors
  Disk model: VBOX HARDDISK
  Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
  Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
  I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
  Disklabel type: dos
  Disk identifier: 0x4ea1acbd
  
  Device     Boot Start     End Sectors Size Id Type
  /dev/sda1  *     2048 4192255 4190208   2G 83 Linux
  
  
  Disk /dev/sdb: 4 GiB, 4294967296 bytes, 8388608 sectors
  Disk model: VBOX HARDDISK
  Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
  Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
  I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
  
  root@debian:~$ dd if=/dev/sda  of=/dev/sdb
  记录了4194304+0 的读入
  记录了4194304+0 的写出
  2147483648 bytes (2.1 GB, 2.0 GiB) copied, 91.3932 s, 23.5 MB/s
  
  
  root@debian:~$ mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
  
  mke2fs 1.44.5 (15-Dec-2018)
  /dev/sdb1 contains a ext4 file system
      last mounted on / on Tue Sep 15 20:33:12 2020
  Proceed anyway? (y,N) y
  Creating filesystem with 523776 4k blocks and 131072 inodes
  Filesystem UUID: ebe2ce7e-1543-43a7-8df9-0e7596448227
  Superblock backups stored on blocks:
      32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
  
  Allocating group tables: done
  Writing inode tables: done
  Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
  Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
  
  
  mkdir /root/d
  mount /dev/sdb1 /root/d
  
  root@debian:~$ df -h
  文件系统        容量  已用  可用 已用% 挂载点
  udev            102M     0  102M    0% /dev
  tmpfs            24M  3.0M   21M   13% /run
  /dev/sda1       2.0G  1.3G  621M   67% /
  tmpfs           116M     0  116M    0% /dev/shm
  tmpfs           5.0M     0  5.0M    0% /run/lock
  tmpfs           116M     0  116M    0% /sys/fs/cgroup
  tmpfs            24M     0   24M    0% /run/user/0
  /dev/sdb1       2.0G  6.0M  1.9G    1% /root/d
  
  root@debian:~$ dd  if=/dev/sda | gzip > /root/d/image.gz
  记录了4194304+0 的读入
  记录了4194304+0 的写出
  2147483648 bytes (2.1 GB, 2.0 GiB) copied, 102.968 s, 20.9 MB/s
  
  

VirtualBox 中如何使用U盘

以 管理员身份 打开命令提示符 CMD 查看一下U盘的 DeviceID【磁盘标识盘】：

wmic diskdrive list brief

使用 VBoxManage 命令生成vmdk文件 usb.vmdk

cd "C:\Program Files\Oracle\VirtualBox"

VBoxManage.exe internalcommands createrawvmdk -filename "C:\VPC\usb.vmdk" -rawdisk \\.\PhysicalDrive3

RAW host disk access VMDK file C:\VPC\usb.vmdk created successfully.

===   usb.vmdk  文件内容 ===

# Disk DescriptorFile
version=1
CID=db9f2dfb
parentCID=ffffffff
createType="fullDevice"

# Extent description
RW 8036352 FLAT "\\.\PhysicalDrive3" 0

# The disk Data Base 
#DDB

ddb.virtualHWVersion = "4"
ddb.adapterType="ide"
ddb.geometry.cylinders="7972"
ddb.geometry.heads="16"
ddb.geometry.sectors="63"
ddb.uuid.image="8dcce260-7a5f-462c-878f-01786958e77f"
ddb.uuid.parent="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000"
ddb.uuid.modification="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000"
ddb.uuid.parentmodification="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000"

使用 VBoxManage 将vmdk文件转换成IMG文件

• 语法:VBoxManage clonehd 源文件.vmdk 目标文件.img --format RAW

  VBoxManage clonehd  debian-disk001.vmdk   debian10.img --format RAW
  
  0%...10%...20%...30%...40%...50%...60%...70%...80%...90%...100%
  Clone medium created in format 'RAW'. UUID: 76294339-5652-45d9-97e0-eab5688aa2aa
  

Debian 10 默认安装了N多 realtek intel 等主要硬件厂商网卡

ls /lib/modules/4.19.0-10-amd64/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet

3com     alteon    atheros   chelsio  emulex     huawei   mellanox   natsemi    packetengines  sfc    sun     xircom
8390     amazon    broadcom  cisco    fealnx.ko  intel    micrel     neterion   qlogic         silan  tehuti
adaptec  amd       brocade   dec      fujitsu    jme.ko   microchip  netronome  rdc            sis    ti
agere    aquantia  cavium    dlink    hp         marvell  myricom    nvidia     realtek        smsc   via

lspci | grep Ethernet

00:03.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 02)

lsmod
e1000                 155648  0

Debian 10 迁移系统网卡不能自动获取IP修改方法

ip addr

2: enp0s3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 08:00:27:d3:49:8d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.1.111/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global dynamic enp0s3

cat /etc/network/interfaces

# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).

source /etc/network/interfaces.d/*

# The loopback network interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

# The primary network interface
allow-hotplug enp0s3
iface enp0s3 inet dhcp


vim /etc/network/interfaces
### 修改interfaces中的网卡名字enp0s3同 ip addr获得的网卡名字相同

systemctl restart networking.service

# debian系统下重启停止网卡命令
ifdown enp0s3
ifup enp0s3

autonet.sh 自动修改interfaces 网卡自动加载

lspci | grep Ethernet
ni=$(ip addr | grep enp | head -n 1 | awk -F ': '  '{print $2}')
sed -i "s/enp[a-zA-Z0-9]*/${ni}/g"  /etc/network/interfaces
ifup $ni

debian使用 parted 工具 调整磁盘分区

apt install parted

root@debian:~$ partx /dev/sda
NR START     END SECTORS SIZE NAME UUID
 1  2048 4192255 4190208   2G      4ea1acbd-01

root@debian:~$ parted

(parted) help
	print     显示分区表，可用设备，可用空间，所有找到的分区或特定分区
	quit                     退出程序

	resizepart NUMBER END    调整分区号
	rm NUMBER                删除分区

其他详细命令
https://www.howtoing.com/parted-command-to-create-resize-rescue-linux-disk-partitions/

debian 使用 ntfs-3g 挂载读取Windows NTFS系统文件

  apt search ntfs-3g     # 搜索工具在哪个安装包
  apt install  ntfs-3g

	使用语法：mount  -t  ntfs-3g  分区设备文件名    挂载点
	
	查找分区的设备文件名：fdisk -l
	
	执行挂载：mount  -t ntfs-3g /dev/sdb1  /mnt/usb
	
	访问数据：ls -l  /mnt/usb
	
	卸载：umount  /mnt/usb
  
  umount -a  全卸载挂载

Debian 语言设置

• vim /etc/default/locale

  # 英文显示
  LANG=en_US.UTF-8
  
  # 中文显示
  LANG="zh_CN.UTF-8"
  LANGUAGE="zh_CN:zh"
  

DEBIAN LOCALE LANGUAGE SETTINGS & Modify Interfaces

#########   Debain config.sh  ###########
#!/bin/bash

en_US()
{
	cat <<EOF >/etc/default/locale
LANG=en_US.UTF-8
EOF
	echo -e "Please log in again on Debian tty1"
}

zh_CN()
{
	cat <<EOF >/etc/default/locale
# 中文显示
LANG="zh_CN.UTF-8"
LANGUAGE="zh_CN:zh"
EOF

	echo -e "Please log in again on Debian tty1"

}

autonet()
{
# 自动修改interfaces 网卡自动加载
lspci | grep Ethernet
ni=$(ip addr | grep enp | head -n 1 | awk -F ': '  '{print $2}')
sed -i "s/enp[a-zA-Z0-9]*/${ni}/g"  /etc/network/interfaces
ifup $ni

}

# 设置菜单
start_menu()
{
    echo -e ":: DEBIAN LOCALE LANGUAGE SETTINGS & Modify Interfaces"
    read -p ":: Please enter the number <1>:English  <2>:Chinese :: <8> AutoModify Interfaces  "  num_x
    case "$num_x" in
        1)
        en_US
        ;;
        2)
        zh_CN
        ;;
        8)
        autonet
        ;;
		esac
}
start_menu

#################################################